Parametricism: A Theory in Flux
The architectural world has been abuzz with the concept of parametricism, a theory developed by Zaha Hadid Architects' principal, Patrik Schumacher. This theory, which emerged in 2008, promised to revolutionize architecture by embracing computational tools and a set of parameters to design buildings. However, despite Schumacher's unwavering belief in its potential, the reality of parametricism's impact is more nuanced.
The Rise and Fall of a Term
Schumacher's term 'parametricism' has become synonymous with a particular style of architecture characterized by dramatic swooping curves. Yet, as architectural historian Mario Carpo points out, this style is far from universally accepted. In the Western world, parametricism is often met with skepticism and even disdain. Carpo explains, 'In the West, parametricism – meaning the digital style a-la-Patrik Schumacher – is universally detested.' This sentiment is echoed by Farshid Moussavi, a founder of Foreign Office Architects, who questions the idea of parametricism becoming a universal style.
The association of parametricism with Schumacher's controversial political views may have contributed to its limited acceptance. Carpo suggests that this close connection has become a 'kiss of death,' as it ties the style to a single, divisive figure. This perception is further complicated by the fact that parametricism is not a coherent aesthetic philosophy but rather a process, as Martha Tsigkari, head of the applied research and development team at Foster + Partners, explains.
The Impact of Parametric Tools
Despite the debate surrounding parametricism as a style, the tools and thinking behind it have undoubtedly influenced contemporary architecture. Parametric design software, such as Rhino and Aurodesk Revit, is now ubiquitous in major architecture studios. Moussavi acknowledges the importance of these tools, stating, 'You can't avoid them; parametric tools are incredibly important.' However, she emphasizes the need to distinguish between the tools and the style.
Tsigkari highlights the versatility of parametric tools, noting that they can be used to create a wide range of architectural forms, not just the curved ones associated with parametricism. Carpo further challenges the idea that parametricism is solely about curved forms, arguing that any digital notation, including a shoebox, can be considered parametric.
The Administrative Revolution
The true legacy of parametricism, according to Oliver Wainwright, architecture and design critic for The Guardian, may lie in its administrative impact rather than its aesthetic promise. The shift in architectural design thinking, driven by parametric tools, has led to a more rule-based and relational approach. This has resulted in the BIM-ification of the world, where parametric tools underpin every stage of design, documentation, and delivery. As Wainwright puts it, 'The promised parametric revolution was administrative, rather than aesthetic – less sci-fi than spreadsheet.'
In conclusion, while parametricism as a style may not have materialized, the theory and tools associated with it have left an indelible mark on contemporary architecture. The debate surrounding its definition and impact continues, but one thing is clear: parametricism has reshaped the way we approach and think about architectural design.
